NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE UAE

 

 

 

 

PROF. DR. FIRUZ DEMIR YASAMIS

 

 

 

Introduction

Our days are witnessing crucial environmental and ecological problems all over the World regardless the development level of the countries. The types of environmental and ecological concerns vary from local to national to regional and to global level. There are many scientific studies indicating the potential impacts of environmental and ecological issues onto all living and even non-living bodies such as the built environment.

There are several ways and means to control and mitigate the severe and negative impacts of the pollutions and degradation in the biological life. Although they are mostly in engineering type of solutions, the experts do believe that the real solution lies within the limits of changing the behaviors and attitudes of the human beings. This basically means that the real solution lies within the realm of training and education in order to change or alter the harmful behaviors of the people towards environment and biodiversity.

Nature of the Problem

Environmental and ecological management bases upon two main strategies: preventive and curative. The second strategy aims at eradicating the environmental nuisance and pollutions through engineering of related infrastructural premises. This is an effective and proven strategy to solve the environmental problems. Air and water treatment technologies, filtering devices and several others are quite effective in ameliorating the felt negative impacts. However they are costly, expensive and not cost-effective.

The cost effective solution is the preventive strategy which aims at stopping the environmental nuisances and pollution before they occur. Education and training of the people is one of the approach used in the preventive strategy. Education aims at the transformation of the peoples’ undesired behaviors towards the environmental issues. The changing patterns of human behavior may lead to less pollution and thus creates a big potential of cost savings.

This strategy requires well established environmental and ecological training and education facilities and programs to be established at both formal and non-formal public education systems of any country at every level of education. Not only the students but also the adults should be trained on the proper way of handling the environmental and ecological concerns.

Background and Significance of the Problem

In this research the main concern will be placed upon environmental training at the university level rather than general environmental training all over the UAE and at every level. In order to understand the dimensions of the environmental training need at the university level two different sets of research were planned:

i.                 To carry out an investigative work among the UAE universities and identify the universities and departments offering programs on environment

 

ii.                To carry out a research among the university students to learn their reactions towards environmental training in the UAE.

For the second activity a questionnaire has been prepared to measure the level of training need and the tendency for environmental education at the UAE universities among the higher education students.

Objectives

Therefore, the survey has two objectives:

i.                 To identify which universities in the UAE are offering programs on environment and what are their main focuses.

 

ii.                To identify the main preferences of university students for environmental training in the UAE.

Literature Review

Preliminary literature survey indicated that there is no research on the topic in the UAE. As far as the other countries are concerned two examples have been identified on the market analysis for environmental education.

1.     The Demand for Environmental Education and Training in Mexico, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1997.

 

2.     Paul F. McCawley. Methods for Conducting an Educational Needs Assessment, Idaho University, 2009.

 

Even the international sources on the topic were found to be insufficient.

The above mentioned insufficiencies have enforced the launching of a new research in the UAE especially on the determination of university students’ inclination towards environmental training.

Research Questions

The basic research questions are summarized below:

1.     Which universities in the UAE are offering programs on environment in the UAE?

2.     What are the main focuses of these programs?

3.     Do the students think that there is a need for environmental training in the UAE?

4.     Do the students consider that having environmental degrees will enhance the chance of employment?

5.     Do the students believe that more Emiratis are needed at the environment sector both public and private?

6.     Do the students prefer to have a graduate training in environment to other scientific disciplines?

Brief Description of Methodology and Research Design

In order to understand which universities in the UAE is offering programs on environment a content analysis study is planned over the web sites of the MOHES and universities.

For learning the university students’ tendency towards environmental training a survey based upon questionnaire method is decided to be carried out.

Anticipated Outcomes

The anticipated outcomes are summarized below:

1.     The number of universities offering programs on environment is rather limited.

2.     The programs offered are mainly focused on engineering and health aspects of the environment

3.     Social science based environmental issues are not offered in the UAE such as environmental planning, environmental management, environmental policies, biodiversity management, environmental law, environmental economics, environmental training, environmental impact assessment and so on.

4.     Students will prefer environmental training to other areas of graduate study.

5.     Students believe that a graduate degree in environment will enhance their chance of employment in both public and private sectors.

6.     Students also believe the UAE needs more professionals in the field of environment.

Timeline

The content analysis of related web sites is planned completed by mid December 2013.

Questionnaire survey will be completed by end December 2013 or early January 2014.

 

The survey design

The basic features of the survey design are outlined below.

The population and sample

The overall statistics regarding the UAE university population is given below in the table 1. According to the table total number of higher education students is around 76.000 and nearly half of it is male and the other half is female.

Out of total 76.909 students, 42.638 of them (55 per cent) are the undergraduate level and the rest (45 percent) is having graduate training.

 

TABLE 1 NUMBER OF STUDENTS AT HIGHER EDUCATION BY  SEX
2013/2012									Specialist
Total Male	Total Female	Grand Total	Graduate (Master, PHD)			Under Graduate
			Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
39,492	37,427	76,909	19,652	14,619	34,271	19,840	22,798	42,638	Total
51	49	100	57	43	100	47	53	100	Per cent

 

Table 2 gives figures by education fields of the same population. According to the table only around 3.000 students are studying on environment and health sciences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 2 NUMBER OF STUDENTS AT HIGHER EDUCATION BY SPECIALIST AND SEX
2013/2012						Specialist
Graduate (Master , PHD)			Under Graduate
Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
29	260	289	328	1,202	1,530	Arts & Design
1,992	1,680	3,672	5,681	2,688	8,369	Engineering
833	569	1,402	1,349	818	2,167	Information Technology
5,876	4,278	10,154	7,033	6,000	13,033	Business & Economics
138	640	778	247	1,581	1,828	Education
85	187	272	29	284	313	Foreign languages
69	524	593	440	2,517	2,957	Environment & Health  Sci.
79	625	704	1,044	2,242	3,286	Medical  Sciences
2,723	1,728	4,451	853	1,560	2,413	Communication & Media Sciences
9	44	53	50	101	151	Sciences
6,126	2,524	8,650	1,857	1,527	3,384	Sharia & Law
542	879	1,421	438	1,936	2,374	Human & Social Sciences
1,135	672	1,807	423	271	694	Foundations
16	9	25	68	71	139	Other
19,652	14,619	34,271	19,840	22,798	42,638	Total
57	43	100	47	53	100	Per cent

 

According to the available statistics there are roughly 76.000 university students in the UAE at the moment at both undergraduate and graduate level.

The sample taking part in the questionnaire survey is determined to be around 120 students.

Additionally, 20 per cent of the students will be from the American University in the Emirates and the remaining 80 per cent will be selected from other universities mainly in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

Sample details such as sex and education level distributions are highlighted in the related sections below.

 

 

 

 

The instrumentation (Tools)

As has already been indicated before, two different research tools are selected: web page content analysis to determine the universities offering programs on environment and questionnaire to measure the inclinations and feedbacks of the university students on their need for environmental training in the UAE.

For data retrieval and analysis ‘SPSS 20’ package program is planned to be used.

Variables in the questionnaire

The variables measured in the questionnaire are given in the table below.

 

TABLE 3 VARIABLES

AGE

SEX

STUDENT OF AUE OR OTHERS

AREA OF STUDY

EDUCATION LEVEL

NEED OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTS IN UAE

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING IN UAE

EMIRATIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING INCREASES CHANCE OF EMPLOYMENT

PREFERENCE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES TO OTHER FIELDS

 

Analysis of the Data

Results of the Questionnaire

Out of 120 planned ones, 119 respondents have completed the survey. The results are given below.

In the Table 2 below the age of the respondents is given. According to the Table 4, 27.7 per cent of the respondents are less than 20 years old; 48.7 are between the age of 20-25 and 23.5 per cent of the respondents are above 25 of age.

 

 

TABLE 4 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	LESS THAN 20	33	27.7	27.7	27.7
	20-25	58	48.7	48.7	76.5
	MORE THAN 25	28	23.5	23.5	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

In the Table 5 below the sex distribution of the respondents are given. As shown, 68.1 per cent of the students are female and the 31.9 per cent is male students.

 

 

TABLE 5 SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	MALE	38	31.9	31.9	31.9
	FEMALE	81	68.1	68.1	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

In the Table 6 below the universities of the students are given.  Only 18.5 per cent of the respondents are from the American University in the Emirates and the rest is from different universities of the AUE.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 6 STUDENT OF
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	AUE	22	18.5	18.5	18.5
	OTHER UNIV	97	81.5	81.5	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

In the Table 7 below the main areas of training of the students are given. As shown in the table 13.4 of the students are studying social sciences, 16 percent is studying science and/or mathematics, 16 per cent is studying language, 17.6 per cent is studying law and the remaining 37 per cent is studying in other scientific fields.

 

TABLE 7 STUDENT’S MAIN AREA OF EDUCATION
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	SOCIAL SCIENCES	16	13.4	13.4	13.4
	SCIENCE & MATH	19	16.0	16.0	29.4
	LANGUAGE	19	16.0	16.0	45.4
	LAW	21	17.6	17.6	63.0
	OTHERS	44	37.0	37.0	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

 

In the Table 8 education levels of the respondents are taking place. 78.2 percent of the respondents are the undergraduate students and the remaining 21.8 per cent is graduate students.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 8 EDUCATION LEVEL OF RESPONDENTS
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	UNDERGRADUATE	93	78.2	78.2	78.2
	GRADUATE	26	21.8	21.8	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

 

TABLE 9 NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERTS IN THE UAE   QUESTION ASKED: Do you think that there is a growing need for environmental experts in the UAE?
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid		1	.8	.8	.8
	YES	77	64.7	64.7	65.5
	NO	15	12.6	12.6	78.2
	DONT KNOW	26	21.8	21.8	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the Table 9, the following questions have been asked: Do you think that there is a growing need for environmental experts in the UAE? As shown in the Table 64.7 per cent of the respondents said “yes” to this question. On the other hand 12.6 per cent said “no” and 21.8 per cent said ‘don’t know”. It is quite clear from the responses that an overwhelming majority of university students in the AUE thinks that there is a growing need for the environmental experts in the country.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 10 ADEQUACY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING IN THE UAE   QUESTION ASKED: Do you think that there is enough environmental training at the university level in the UAE? Please choose a value between 1 and 5.  “1” means that you “strongly agree”, “5” means that you “strongly disagree” and “3” means neutral.
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid		1	.8	.8	.8
	1	9	7.6	7.6	8.4
	2	34	28.6	28.6	37.0
	3	33	27.7	27.7	64.7
	4	23	19.3	19.3	84.0
	5	19	16.0	16.0	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 10 above indicates the adequacy level of higher education providing environmental training in the UAE. In this question ‘Likert’ type scaling is used. When option 3 which indicates neutrality in the preferences left out 35.3 per cent of the respondents think that environmental training is adequate whereas  36.2 thinks otherwise. The results are very close to each other. Consequently it should be stated that respondents are equally divided on the issue.

 

TABLE 11 EMIRATIS WORKING IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR   QUESTION ASKED: Do you think there are a lot of Emiratis working in the environment related jobs? Please choose a value between 1 and 5.  “1” means that you “strongly agree”, “5” means that you “strongly disagree” and “3” means neutral.
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid		1	.8	.8	.8
	1	14	11.8	11.8	12.6
	2	31	26.1	26.1	38.7
	3	30	25.2	25.2	63.9
	4	23	19.3	19.3	83.2
	5	20	16.8	16.8	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

Almost same result is achieved for the Emiratis working at the environmental sector. Leaving aside the option 3, 37.9 percent of the respondents have indicated that there is not a lot of Emiratis working in the environmental sector whereas 36.1 percent of the respondents declared visa versa.

 

TABLE 12 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING INCREASES THE CHANCE OF EMPLOYMENT   QUESTION ASKED: Do you think that students who have environmental training at bachelor or graduate level will have more chance than the others to find a better job?
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid		1	.8	.8	.8
	YES	62	52.1	52.1	52.9
	NO	26	21.8	21.8	74.8
	DONT KNOW	30	25.2	25.2	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

Table 12 above inquires the opinions of the respondents whether they think that having a degree in environment will increase their chance of employment. 52.1 per cent of the respondents said “yes” to that question whereas 21.8 per cent said “no” and 25.2 replied “don’t know”. It is apparent that the university students think a degree in environment will enhance their chances for finding a better job.

The last variable asked was related to the preference to be declared in favor of having master degree training in the field of environmental studies. Again, 52.1 per cent of the respondents have declared “yes” to this question. However, only 16 per cent said “no” and 31.1 per cent declared “undecided” opinion. The result clearly shows that students have inclination to choose the master degree in environment to other areas.

 

TABLE 13 PREFERING MASTER IN ENVIRONMNENT TO OTHER MASTERS   QUESTION ASKED: If you were given the chance of master degree training at a private university would you prefer that program to other graduate programs?
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid		1	.8	.8	.8
	YES	62	52.1	52.1	52.9
	NO	19	16.0	16.0	68.9
	UNDECIDED	37	31.1	31.1	100.0
	Total	119	100.0	100.0

 

Further detailed analysis of the data is given below. As for the need for more environmental experts in the UAE male students indicated a stronger opinion as shown in Table 14. [1]

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 14 NEED FOR ENV EXPERTS BY AREA OF STUDY
		SEX
		MALE	FEMALE
		Count	Count
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE		1	0
	YES	25	52
	NO	5	10
	DONT KNOW	7	19

 

Same variable has produced similar results when has been cross tabulated by the universities for the students as shown in Table 15 below. [2]

 

 

TABLE 15 NEED FOR ENV EXPERTS BY UNIVERSITIES
		STUDENT OF
		AUE	OTHER UNIV
		Count	Count
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE		0	1
	YES	13	64
	NO	7	8
	DONT KNOW	2	24

 

The need for more environmental experts has shown an interesting distribution when cross tabulated by the variable of the area of study as shown in Table 16 below. [3]

TABLE 16 NEED FOR ENV EXPERTS BY AREA OF STUDY
		AREA OF STUDY
		SOCIAL SCIENCES	SCIENCE & MATH	LANGUAGE	LAW	OTHERS
		Count	Count	Count	Count	Count
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE		0	1	0	0	0
	YES	10	13	9	13	32
	NO	3	1	2	3	6
	DONT KNOW	3	4	8	5	6

 

TABLE 17 NEED FOR ENV EXPERTS BY EDUCATION LEVEL
		EDUCATION LEVEL
		UNDERGRADUATE	GRADUATE
		Count	Count
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE		1	0
	YES	60	17
	NO	14	1
	DONT KNOW	18	8

 

Table 17 indicates the outlook to the need for more environmental experts from the educational level. As shown in the table, the graduate study students show stronger belief in the need for more environmental expert need in the Country. [4]

 

The second detailed analysis has been done for the variable of preferring master in the field of environment to other scientific fields.

The first analysis was made by comparing this variable by sexes. The results are given in Table 18 below.

 

TABLE 18 PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS BY SEXES
		SEX
		MALE	FEMALE
		Count	Count
PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS		1	0
	YES	20	42
	NO	7	12
	UNDECIDED	10	27

 

 As indicated in the table above the male students have stronger feeling towards selecting the master of environment to other fields.

This tendency is even stronger among the AUE students. As shown in the Table 19 below. An overwhelming majority of AUE students indicated a powerful preference for master degree in environment to other fields.

TABLE 19 PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS BY UNIVERSITIES
		STUDENT OF
		AUE	OTHER UNIV
		Count	Count
PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS		0	1
	YES	14	48
	NO	4	15
	UNDECIDED	4	33

 

When it comes to the area of study variable, no major variation is observed towards the preference of the master in environment to other fields as shown in Table 20 below.

 

TABLE 20 PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS BY AREA OF STUDY
		AREA OF STUDY
		SOCIAL SCIENCES	SCIENCE & MATH	LANGUAGE	LAW	OTHERS
		Count	Count	Count	Count	Count
PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS		0	1	0	0	0
	YES	9	11	7	11	24
	NO	2	2	2	4	9
	UNDECIDED	5	5	10	6	11

 

 

Table 19 below shows the result of preferring master degree in environment to other scientific fields. As shown on the Table, the preference is stronger among the master degree students who already some kind of information about master level training. However, it should be noticed that the preference of master in environmental field is also strong among the undergraduate students in the UAE.

TABLE 21 PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS BY EDUCATION LEVEL
		EDUCATION LEVEL
		UNDERGRADUATE	GRADUATE
		Count	Count
PREFERENCE OF MAES TO OTHER FIELDS		1	0
	YES	46	16
	NO	16	3
	UNDECIDED	30	7

 

 

 

 

 

 

Results of the Content Analysis

Public Universities

Public universities/colleges offering environment related programs are given in table 22 below. There are two public universities in the UAE offering environmental education. They are namely the Zayed University and the UAE University. The first one is focusing on environmental health and the second one is focusing on engineering aspects.

 

TABLE 22 PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
ZAYED UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR	COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH – ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM
UEAU UNIVERSITY
MASTER	FACULTY OF SCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES GRADUATE PROGRAM

 

Private Universities

There are 9 private universities (3 of them are institutes: the Masdar Institute, the Petroleum Institute and Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute) offering environment related undergraduate and graduate programs. The list of private universities and their main areas of focus are given at the table 23 below. The other universities are Abu Dhabi, American University of Sharjah, Canadian University of Dubai, Hamdan bi Mohammed E University and University of Sharjah.

Most of these universities are mainly concentrated on environmental health and environmental engineering.

 

 

TABLE 23 PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR	BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
BACHELOR	BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

 

ABUDHABI VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
UNDERGRADUATE DIPLOMA	DIPLOMA OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF SHARJAH
BACHELOR	BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CANADIAN UNIVERSITY OF DUBAI
BACHELOR	BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT
HAMDAN BIN MOHAMMED E-UNIVERSITY
MASTER	MASTER OF SCIENCE : EXCELLENCE IN ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT
PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
MASTER	MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF SHARJAH
BACHELOR	BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIROMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES
UNDERGRADUATE DIPLOMA	DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
MASDAR INSTITUTE
MASTER	CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
MASTER	COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
MASTER	ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
MASTER	ENGINEERING SYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENT
MASTER	MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
MASTER	MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MASTER	MICROSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
MASTER	WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

 

 

Conclusions

The conclusions drawn from the analysis made above are given below:

1.     There are several public and private universities offering environment related degrees in the UAE.

2.     These universities are mainly focusing on environmental safety and health issues and engineering aspects of the environment. Consequently the social environmental training in the higher education of the UAE is not covered adequately thus creating a need for environmental higher education in the country.

3.     The research carried out among the university students definitely indicates that there is a solemn need for environmental education in the UAE higher education system.

4.     The students certainly believe that higher education in environment will give a higher of finding a better job in the UAE.

5.     The respondents also believe the need for new environmental experts in the UAE in future will be higher and more Emiratis will be needed to work in environment related sector.

6.     Finally, the students indicated that they will prefer to have a graduate training in environment to other scientific disciplines.

 

 

Recommendations

The recommendations are given below:

1.     The UAE universities should try to enhance their program offerings in the environment related areas.

2.     Since there are some opportunities in health, safety and engineering areas of environment social science related areas of environmental higher education are gravely neglected. These areas include environmental management, planning, law, economics, education (formal and non-formal) and similar others.

3.     The time is ripe enough to pursue investments in these areas.

 

 

References

1.     The Demand for Environmental Education and Training in Mexico, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1997.

 

2.     Paul F. McCawley. Methods for Conducting an Educational Needs Assessment, Idaho University, 2009.

 

---

[1] Chi square test:

Pearson Chi-Square Tests
		SEX
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE	Chi-square	2.455
	df	3
	Sig.	.483a,b
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
a. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square results may be invalid.
b. The minimum expected cell count in this subtable is less than one. Chi-square results may be invalid.

 

 

[2] Chi square test

Pearson Chi-Square Tests
		STUDENT OF
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE	Chi-square	10.273
	df	3
	Sig.	.016*,b,c
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
*. The Chi-square statistic is significant at the .05 level.
b. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square results may be invalid.
c. The minimum expected cell count in this subtable is less than one. Chi-square results may be invalid.

 

 st.

[3] Chi square

 

Pearson Chi-Square Tests
		AREA OF STUDY
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE	Chi-square	13.142
	df	12
	Sig.	.359a,b
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
a. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square results may be invalid.
b. The minimum expected cell count in this subtable is less than one. Chi-square results may be invalid.

 

 

[4] Chi square.

 

Pearson Chi-Square Tests
		EDUCATION LEVEL
NEED OF ENTL EXPERTS IN UAE	Chi-square	3.518
	df	3
	Sig.	.318a,b
Results are based on nonempty rows and columns in each innermost subtable.
a. More than 20% of cells in this subtable have expected cell counts less than 5. Chi-square results may be invalid.
b. The minimum expected cell count in this subtable is less than one. Chi-square results may be invalid.